What happens to the alveoli in a person with emphysema?

In a person with emphysema, the primary change that occurs in the alveoli is the loss of elasticity. This condition is characterized by damage to the alveolar walls, which causes them to lose their structural integrity and elastic recoil. As a result, the alveoli become distended and cannot effectively expel air during exhalation. This trapped air reduces the efficiency of gas exchange, leading to optimal oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination.

The loss of elasticity ultimately makes it difficult for an individual to breathe normally and can lead to respiratory complications. While other conditions might involve changes like increased mucus production or abnormal rigidity of lung tissues, emphysema specifically involves the degeneration of elastic fibers within the alveoli, impacting their ability to function properly.