What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Surfactant plays a critical role in maintaining the proper function of the lungs, particularly within the alveoli, the tiny air sacs responsible for gas exchange. Its primary function is to reduce surface tension in the alveoli. By lowering the surface tension, surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation and ensures that they remain open and stable, facilitating effective gas exchange during inhalation.

The presence of surfactant is vital because the alveoli are lined with a thin layer of fluid, which could lead to high surface tension without surfactant. High surface tension would cause the alveoli to collapse, making it difficult for the lungs to expand during breathing. By reducing this tension, surfactant increases pulmonary compliance, allowing the alveoli to inflate easily with air, which is essential for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Overall, surfactant is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of the alveoli and enhancing respiratory efficiency, directly impacting the ability to breathe effectively.